Tuaregek
Egy afrikai berber nép, a Szaharában és a Száhel-övezetben élnek. Nyelvük a tamasek. Több száz éve nomád módon élnek Algériában, Nigerben, Maliban, Mauritániában, Líbiában, Burkina Fasóban és Nigériában.A „tuareg” név a targi szóból ered , ami azt jelenti, hogy „a Targa-völgyből”. A Targa-völgy egy völgy a Fezzan környékben, Líbiában, targa egy berber szó, jelentése „kanális”. Ők maguk úgy hívják magukat, hogy kel tamasheq („akik tamasekul beszélnek”) vagy imuhaq („a szabadok”).
A tuaregek a berberektől származnak. Azt mondják, hogy a garamantoktól származnak, akiket a muzulmánok a 7. században a Fezzanból elűztek. Először a Szaharát népesítették be és egyúttal a tubbu népet a Tibesti-hegységbe űzték. Amikor a 16. században a Songhai Birodalom gyengülni kezdett, a Száhel-övezetet is meghódították, és elfoglalták Timbuktut.
19. században sokáig védekeztek a francia kolonializáció ellen. Csak 1917-ben kötöttek békét Franciaországgal. Amikor a francia kolóniák Afrikában 1960-ban függetlenségüket elnyerték, a tuaregek területét több ország között osztották fel: Algéria, Niger és Mali (vannak még tuaregek Burkina Fasóban, Mauritániában, Líbiában és Nigériában).
1990 és 1995 között voltak tuareg felkelések Maliban és Nigerben, mert úgy érzik, hogy marginalizálódnak. Egyik híres vezetőjük Mano Dayak volt.
A tuaregek „fővárosa” – ha egy nomád népnél egyáltalán lehet ilyenről beszélni – Agadez, Nigerben.
A legtöbb tuareg nomád állattenyésztő, vannak köztük kovácsok, tevetenyésztők, karavánvezetők. Többnyire muzulmánok. Társadalmuk hierarchikus.
Saját írásuk van, a tifinagh. A nők tanítják a gyermekeknek.
A tuaregek a berberektől származnak. Azt mondják, hogy a garamantoktól származnak, akiket a muzulmánok a 7. században a Fezzanból elűztek. Először a Szaharát népesítették be és egyúttal a tubbu népet a Tibesti-hegységbe űzték. Amikor a 16. században a Songhai Birodalom gyengülni kezdett, a Száhel-övezetet is meghódították, és elfoglalták Timbuktut.
19. században sokáig védekeztek a francia kolonializáció ellen. Csak 1917-ben kötöttek békét Franciaországgal. Amikor a francia kolóniák Afrikában 1960-ban függetlenségüket elnyerték, a tuaregek területét több ország között osztották fel: Algéria, Niger és Mali (vannak még tuaregek Burkina Fasóban, Mauritániában, Líbiában és Nigériában).
1990 és 1995 között voltak tuareg felkelések Maliban és Nigerben, mert úgy érzik, hogy marginalizálódnak. Egyik híres vezetőjük Mano Dayak volt.
A tuaregek „fővárosa” – ha egy nomád népnél egyáltalán lehet ilyenről beszélni – Agadez, Nigerben.
A legtöbb tuareg nomád állattenyésztő, vannak köztük kovácsok, tevetenyésztők, karavánvezetők. Többnyire muzulmánok. Társadalmuk hierarchikus.
Saját írásuk van, a tifinagh. A nők tanítják a gyermekeknek.
A kelták "Hat Nemzete"
It is these 'Six Nations' that (alone) are considered Celtic by the Celtic League, Celtic Congress, and various other pan-Celtic groups. Each of the six can boast a Celtic language of its own – the key criterion of Celticity for the organizations named.
Skót
Ír
Manx
Welsh
Cornish
Breton
Four of the 'Six Nations' (Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales) contain areas where a Celtic language is still used in a community (see Gaeltacht, Gàidhealtachd, and compare also Breizh-Izel and areas by Welsh language known as Y Fro Cymraeg).[2] Generally these communities are in the west of the countries, in upland or island areas, and sometimes claim to be more Celtic than the anglicised/gallicised areas of the east, and big cities.
For certain purposes, such as the Festival Interceltique, Galicia and Asturias, Cantabria are considered three of the nine Celtic nations. It should also be remembered that Welsh and Scots Gaelic speaking minorities are still extant, respectively, in the Chubut valley region of Patagonia in Argentina, and Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Celtic nations are areas of modern Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. Since the mid-20th century, people of many nations and regions have used modern 'Celticity' to express their identity. Over time, these nations and regions have come to be widely labelled as Celtic. These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic fringe" because of their location generally on the north-western edges of the continent, and of the nations they inhabit (e.g. Brittany is in the northwest of France, the Gaelic-speaking parts of Ireland and Scotland are in the northwest and west, respectively). However, these terms are sometimes viewed as derogatory, so residents of these areas tend to prefer the term "Celtic nations".
Until the expansions of the Roman Republic and Germanic tribes, the British Isles and much of continental Europe was predominantly Celtic.[1] Only extreme north-western regions retained their Celtic culture and language, because these expansions were halted and had little or no influence. In Britain for example, the expansions of the Roman Empire and then the Anglo-Saxons supplanted the Celtic Britons and the Brythonic languages in most of what is modern-day England.
Skót
Ír
Manx
Welsh
Cornish
Breton
Four of the 'Six Nations' (Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales) contain areas where a Celtic language is still used in a community (see Gaeltacht, Gàidhealtachd, and compare also Breizh-Izel and areas by Welsh language known as Y Fro Cymraeg).[2] Generally these communities are in the west of the countries, in upland or island areas, and sometimes claim to be more Celtic than the anglicised/gallicised areas of the east, and big cities.
For certain purposes, such as the Festival Interceltique, Galicia and Asturias, Cantabria are considered three of the nine Celtic nations. It should also be remembered that Welsh and Scots Gaelic speaking minorities are still extant, respectively, in the Chubut valley region of Patagonia in Argentina, and Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Celtic nations are areas of modern Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. Since the mid-20th century, people of many nations and regions have used modern 'Celticity' to express their identity. Over time, these nations and regions have come to be widely labelled as Celtic. These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic fringe" because of their location generally on the north-western edges of the continent, and of the nations they inhabit (e.g. Brittany is in the northwest of France, the Gaelic-speaking parts of Ireland and Scotland are in the northwest and west, respectively). However, these terms are sometimes viewed as derogatory, so residents of these areas tend to prefer the term "Celtic nations".
Until the expansions of the Roman Republic and Germanic tribes, the British Isles and much of continental Europe was predominantly Celtic.[1] Only extreme north-western regions retained their Celtic culture and language, because these expansions were halted and had little or no influence. In Britain for example, the expansions of the Roman Empire and then the Anglo-Saxons supplanted the Celtic Britons and the Brythonic languages in most of what is modern-day England.
Cornish
Cornwalli - a hat kelta nemzet egyike.
The Cornish people are regarded as an ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. They are often described as a Celtic people.
The number of people living in Cornwall who consider themselves to be more Cornish than British or English is unknown. One survey found that 35.1% of respondents identified as Cornish, with 48.4% of respondents identifying as English, a further 11% thought of themselves as British.[1] A Morgan Stanley survey in 2004 indicated that 44% of people in Cornwall identify as Cornish rather than English or British, [2] and there have been recent calls for more accuracy in the recording of the number who identify as Cornish in the 2011 Census.[3]
As with other ethnic groups in the British Isles, the question of identity is not straightforward. Ethnic identity has been based as much – if not more – on cultural identity than on descent. Many descendants of people who came and settled in Cornwall have adopted this identity.[4]
The subject of Cornish identity has been extensively studied in the Cornish studies series of books published by Exeter university press. Cornishness is examined with methodological tools varying from feminist theory to deconstructionism.[5]
In the 2001 UK Census, the population of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly was estimated to be 501,267.[6]
For the first time in a UK Census, those wishing to describe their ethnicity as Cornish were given their own code number (06) on the 2001 UK Census form, alongside those for people wishing to describe themselves as English, Welsh, Irish or Scottish. About 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people in the rest of the UK wrote on their census forms in 2001 that they considered their ethnic group to be Cornish.[7] This represented nearly 7% of the population of Cornwall and is therefore a significant phenomenon. [8] Although happy with this development, campaigners expressed reservations about the lack of publicity surrounding the issue, the lack of a clear tick-box for the Cornish option on the census and the need to deny being British in order to write "Cornish" in the field provided. The UK government has agreed recently that English and Welsh will have an ethnicity tick box on the Census 2011 but there will be no Cornish option tick box. Various Cornish organisations are campaigning for the inclusion of the Cornish tick box on the next 2011 Census.
The Cornish people are regarded as an ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. They are often described as a Celtic people.
The number of people living in Cornwall who consider themselves to be more Cornish than British or English is unknown. One survey found that 35.1% of respondents identified as Cornish, with 48.4% of respondents identifying as English, a further 11% thought of themselves as British.[1] A Morgan Stanley survey in 2004 indicated that 44% of people in Cornwall identify as Cornish rather than English or British, [2] and there have been recent calls for more accuracy in the recording of the number who identify as Cornish in the 2011 Census.[3]
As with other ethnic groups in the British Isles, the question of identity is not straightforward. Ethnic identity has been based as much – if not more – on cultural identity than on descent. Many descendants of people who came and settled in Cornwall have adopted this identity.[4]
The subject of Cornish identity has been extensively studied in the Cornish studies series of books published by Exeter university press. Cornishness is examined with methodological tools varying from feminist theory to deconstructionism.[5]
In the 2001 UK Census, the population of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly was estimated to be 501,267.[6]
For the first time in a UK Census, those wishing to describe their ethnicity as Cornish were given their own code number (06) on the 2001 UK Census form, alongside those for people wishing to describe themselves as English, Welsh, Irish or Scottish. About 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people in the rest of the UK wrote on their census forms in 2001 that they considered their ethnic group to be Cornish.[7] This represented nearly 7% of the population of Cornwall and is therefore a significant phenomenon. [8] Although happy with this development, campaigners expressed reservations about the lack of publicity surrounding the issue, the lack of a clear tick-box for the Cornish option on the census and the need to deny being British in order to write "Cornish" in the field provided. The UK government has agreed recently that English and Welsh will have an ethnicity tick box on the Census 2011 but there will be no Cornish option tick box. Various Cornish organisations are campaigning for the inclusion of the Cornish tick box on the next 2011 Census.
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